Purple Loosestrife
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a wetland plant from Europe and Asia. It was introduced into the east coast of North America in the 1800s. First spreading along roads, canals and drainage ditches, then later distributed as an ornamental, this exotic plant is in 40 states and all Canadian border provinces. The plant can form dense, impenetrable stands that are unsuitable as cover, food or nesting sites for a wide range of native wetland animals, including ducks, geese, rails, bitterns, muskrats, frogs, toads and turtles. Many rare and endangered wetland plants and animals also are at risk. Purple loosestrife thrives on disturbed, moist soils, often invading after some type of construction activity. Eradicating an established stand is difficult because of an enormous number of seeds in the soil. One adult can disperse 2 million seeds annually. The plant is able to reproduce from roots and broken stems that fall to the ground or into the water. A major reason for purple loosestrife's expansion is a lack of effective predators in North America. Several European insects that only attack purple loosestrife are being tested as a possible long-term biological control in North America. Likely means of spread: Seeds escape from gardens and nurseries into wetlands, lakes and rivers. Once in aquatic systems, seeds are easily spread by moving water and wetland animals.


Distribution :
Purple loosestrife is now found throughout most of North America with the exception of Mexico, Florida and northern Canada. Currently, the area of greatest concentration and impact has been in southern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and adjacent areas in the northeastern United States. The spread of this plant occurs primarily on disturbed soils of recently built roads, canals, railway lines and cultivated areas. It appears purple loosestrife thrives in areas of populated places with connecting roadways and degraded and disturbed wetland habitats. Purple loosestrife can also invade healthy wetland habitats and since seeds can be spread by water, it can spread within the watershed. Most of the isolated incidents of purple loosestrife have likely resulted from intentional introductions or escapes from ornamental gardens.
Control:
There are several management techniques for controlling purple loosestrife. The L.R.C.A. recommends hand pulling as the most effective method where appropriate. Herbicides are not recommended, as they will effect other species.
Hand pulling:
*Effective and selective
*Best done while plant is in flower (i.e. July and August) and before it goes to seed
*Loosen soil with garden fork or shovel; grasp plant firmly near the base and pull evenly to avoid detachment
*Plants should be dried, burned or put in garbages and disposed of in a sanitary landfill where there is no chance of spreading
Cutting:
*Used to contain large populations of loosestrife, by reducing stem numbers and seed production
*Care must be taken to gather up the cuttings
*Repeated cuts are required to eliminate the plant from the site
Biological Control:
*A long-term solution that will not completely eradicate, just reduce density of loosestrife
Involves releasing European insects that are predators of loosestrife
*Thorough scientific screening of potential species has resulted in a few being approved for release
*LRCA released Galerucella beetles at two sites near Thunder Bay in 1997 and at three sites near the Kam River in 2003. In 2007 beetles were released along the Thunder Bay Expressway near Dawson Road.
*At a release site east of Thunder Bay, the beetles dramatically reduced loosestrife plants to short withered stems within a few years.
Herbicides:
*In most areas is not permitted for general usage.
Must be used with extreme caution, because herbicides are non-selective and will hurt the nearby vegetation

Specie at Risk

Blue Racer

Features: The Blue Racer (Coluber constrictor foxii) is a large, 1.5 metre long snake, named both for its speed and distinctive greyish-blue or blue green colour. Its preferred habitat is long grass prairie, savanna, alvar and open woodlands, but it also lives in rough pasture and regenerating fields of farms. Hayfields ensure a plentiful supply of rodent prey, while hedgerows and old stone walls provide cover and den sites, respectively. In winter, the Blue Racer hibernates below the frost line in rock formations and quarries.
Status: Endangered Provincially and Nationally
Threats: Modern "clean farming" practices have reduced potential habitat for Blue Racers in much of southwestern Ontario. Current threats include habitat degradation, loss of over wintering sites, human persecution, and mortality attributable to vehicles as snakes attempt to cross roads.

DISTRIBUTION:
Global range The historical distribution of the blue racer lies immediately south of the Great Lakes from southeastern Minnesota and Iowa east to Ohio and north to extreme southwestern Ontario . Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa are now the only states with extant populations of blue racers (Harding 1997). The Blue Racer is considered relatively common in parts of its United States range, but it has declined significantly in much of the Midwest.
Canadian range Coluber constrictor foxii currently occurs only on Pelee Island in Canada . Although formerly present in Pelee and Pinery Provincial Parks in extreme southwestern Ontario, the blue racer is almost certainly extirpated from these mainland sites, despite these being protected areas. The last reliable record of the blue racer in mainland Ontario was 1983 (Campbell & Perrin 1991). On Pelee Island, the species is restricted to the eastern two thirds of the island .

Population Size: At the conclusion of an intensive 3-year sampling period from 1993 to 1995, the size of Pelee Island's blue racer population was estimated via mark-recapture techniques to be 205 adults (Porchuk 1996; as reported in the 1997 version of the status report). Population parameters estimated by both Triple-Catch and Peterson methods indicated a monotonic decline in the adult population over the 3-year period. From the conclusion of the 1995 field season to the 2000 field season, monitoring of the blue racer population via mark-recapture has been sporadic (see Table 1 for a summary of blue racer research on Pelee Island). Consequently, more recent population estimates are not available. It is anticipated, however, that an updated estimate will be derived from the fieldwork to be conducted in the spring of 2002. Systematic surveys along standardized transects and within defined areas were conducted from roughly 13 April to 12 May in the springs of 2000 and 2001 (see Willson 2000 for methodology used). Four areas that were historically known to harbour blue racers were rigorously searched during this period (see Figure 3 for survey areas). Since 1992, research teams working on Pelee Island have marked approximately 320 juvenile and adult blue racers

LIMITING FACTORS AND THREATS: The loss of suitable nesting and hibernating sites, incidental mortality on roads, and killing of the snakes by humans remain the primary threats facing blue racers on Pelee Island. Despite the precarious state of the blue racer in Canada, the identification critical habitat via intensive field effort, and the legislated protection of that habitat under Ontario's Endangered Species Act (ESA), individuals and organizations are currently proposing developments that must be considered detrimental to the species’ persistence on Pelee Island. Continued loss of nesting habitat via cottage construction along the eastern shoreline is probably one of the most significant threats, as little habitat will remain once all of the private lots have been developed (many have already been marked off and are awaiting construction). Evidence suggests that vehicular traffic will continue to increase on the island in conjunction with the growing tourist industry; thus, increased impacts of road mortality seem inevitable. Finally, recent events on Pelee Island (1998-2001) have resulted in significant levels of animosity between those studying the island's rare snakes and those wishing to further the island's economy through more intensive and destructive land uses.

Current Status & Protections:
The blue racer is currently listed as Endangered under the Ontario Endangered Species Act, 2007 and Endangered under the federal Species at Risk Act. The species has also been designated as a Specially Protected Reptile under the Ontario Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act. These acts offer protection to individuals and their habitat. The habitat of this species is further protected in Ontario by the Provincial Policy Statement under the Planning Act. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the global status of the blue racer as Least Concern. The species’ status was last confirmed in January 2010. Additional detail about legal protection for species at risk in Ontario is available on our Legal Protection page.
Learn more about reptile and amphibian conservation and what you can do to help these species on our Reptile and Amphibian Stewardship page.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers
Fertilizers are a type of chemical product that is used to promote plant growth, the principal nutrients in a fertilizer are: Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Potassium and some others nutrients are used in smallers amounts. Fertilizers are spread on the surface of the soil, and also sprayeddirect on leaves.
There are two types of fertilizers: Organic and inorganic.

Environmental effects of fertilizer use Water Eutrophication
The nitrogen-rich compounds, which are found in fertilizer run-off is the main cause of a severereduction of oxygen in many parts of the ocean, especially in coastal areas, the consequent lack ofdissolved oxygen is reducing the ability of these areas for sustaining ocean life . Visually, thewater can become cloudy and discolored (green, yellow, brown or red).

high rates of nitrogen fertilization in order to maximize the productivity of crops, combinedwith the high solubility of fertilizers leads to increased surface water runoff and leaching intogroundwater. The use of ammonium nitrate ininorganic fertilizers is particularly detrimental, as plants absorb ammonium ions, preferably on the
nitrate ions, whereas the nitrate ions in excess, are not absorbed dissolve ( by rain or irrigation) for the flow of groundwater.


Benefits of organic fertilizer

Besides increasing the production of fertilizers and plants directly, organic fertilizers can enhance biodiversity (soil life) and long-term productivity of the soil and may prove to be a large deposit of carbon dioxide in excess.

organic nutrients increased the abundance of organisms in the soil by providing organic matter and nutrients in organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi (plants that aids in the absorption of nutrients), and can dramatically reduce the external inputs of pesticides, fertilizers and energy, the cost decrease yield.

Sources
Animal
Animal-sourced Urea , are suitable for application organic agriculture, while pure synthetic forms of urea are not. The common thread that can be seen through these examples is that organic agriculture attempts to define itself through minimal processing, as well as being naturally-occurring or via natural biological processes such as composting.

Plant

Cover crops are also grown to enrich soil as a green manure through nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere.